The answer lies in a simple but powerful mathematical idea called “the house edge”: a small, systematic statistical advantage ...

J. William Carpenter is an economist who writes financial topics. He is an author of published works for higher education and business clients. Katie Miller is a consumer financial services expert.

Abstract: Conventional real-valued 1-D chaotic models are constrained by three fundamental limitations: Restricted chaotic regimes, susceptibility to dynamic degradation in finite-precision ...